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09-17-2013 City Council Study Session Packet City of Grand Island Tuesday, September 17, 2013 Study Session Packet City Council: Linna Dee Donaldson Scott Dugan John Gericke Peg Gilbert Chuck Haase Julie Hehnke Vaughn Minton Mitchell Nickerson Bob Niemann Mike Paulick Mayor: Jay Vavricek City Administrator: Mary Lou Brown City Clerk: RaNae Edwards 7:00 PM Council Chambers - City Hall 100 East 1st Street Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 1 / 80 City of Grand Island Tuesday, September 17, 2013 Call to Order This is an open meeting of the Grand Island City Council. The City of Grand Island abides by the Open Meetings Act in conducting business. A copy of the Open Meetings Act is displayed in the back of this room as required by state law. The City Council may vote to go into Closed Session on any agenda item as allowed by state law. Invocation Pledge of Allegiance Roll Call A - SUBMITTAL OF REQUESTS FOR FUTURE ITEMS Individuals who have appropriate items for City Council consideration should complete the Request for Future Agenda Items form located at the Information Booth. If the issue can be handled administratively without Council action, notification will be provided. If the item is scheduled for a meeting or study session, notification of the date will be given. B - RESERVE TIME TO SPEAK ON AGENDA ITEMS This is an opportunity for individuals wishing to provide input on any of tonight's agenda items to reserve time to speak. Please come forward, state your name and address, and the Agenda topic on which you will be speaking. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 2 / 80 City of Grand Island Tuesday, September 17, 2013 Study Session Item C1 Wastewater Rate Study and Construction Update Staff Contact: John Collins, P.E. - Public Works Director Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 3 / 80 Council Agenda Memo From:Marvin Strong PE, Wastewater Treatment Plant Engineer Meeting:September 17, 2013 Subject:Wastewater Rate Study and Construction Update Item #’s:C-1 Presenter(s):John Collins PE, Public Works Director Marvin Strong PE, Wastewater Treatment Plant Engineer Anna White, Black & Veatch Consulting Firm Derek Cambridge PE, Black & Veatch Consulting Firm Background The Wastewater Division of the Public Works Department is an enterprise fund with no property tax dollars used to support the division. The entire budget comes from wastewater customers through sanitary sewer bills. The sewer bill for a residential customer is based on usage and standard strength for residential sewage. The sewer bill for commercial and industrial customers is based on usage plus an extra strength component. A cost of service based rate study looks at all costs for the operation and allocates those costs of service to the customer classes according to the costs of providing service. Rates are then designed to equitably cover those costs. The current sanitary sewer rates are based on Resolution No. 2011-100, which was approved by City Council on April 26, 2011. Discussion The revised Wastewater Rate Study reflects anticipated cost of the planned construction program and operations, which are detailed in tonight’s presentation. Conclusion This item is presented to the City Council in a Study Session to allow for any questions to be answered and to create a greater understanding of the issue at hand. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 4 / 80 CITY OF GRAND ISLAND COST OF SERVICE AND RATE DESIGN UPDATE6 August 2013 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 5 / 80 AGENDA PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION RATE STUDY RESULTS 2 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 6 / 80 PART 1 – PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION 3 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 7 / 80 PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION•Provide the City Council with background information related to the CIP development for the rate model update. •Present results of the rate model update. •Respond to questions. •Gain the City Council’s understanding of the proposed CIP and associated rate increases. PURPOSE OF PRESENTATION 4 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 8 / 80 PART 2 – BACKGROUND INFORMATION 5 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 9 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATION•Continued reduction in excess strength loadings from JBS •Capital Improvement Program (CIP) SINCE MARCH 2011 RATE STUDY (Implemented October 1, 2011 Resolution 2011-100) 6 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 10 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONREDUCED JBS EXCESS STRENGTH LOADINGS 7 Recommend eliminating Ammonia surcharge and adding TKN surcharge Parameter Actual FY 2010 Actual FY 2011 Actual FY 2012 Projected FY 2013 Projected –FY 2014 & Beyond Flow (mgd)3.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 BOD (mg/l)210 <250 <250 <250 <250 SS (mg/l)48 <250 10 <250 <250 O&G (mg/l)23 <100 <100 <100 <100 TKN (mg/l) (a)143 5 5 5 Sulfides (mg/l)55 48 2 0 0 Ammonia (mg/l)130 3 0 0 Nitrates (mg/l) (b)37 10 10 (a) Not projected in 2011 rate study (b) Lower than projected in 2011 rate study Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 11 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONCAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS PLAN UPDATE 8 •Total 5-year CIP in 2011 Rate Study of $44.1M •Major Changes •Collection System Master Planning •North Interceptor •Collection System Rehabilitation •WWTP Improvements •Developed total proposed 5-year CIP of $72.9M for use in Rate Study Update Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 12 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATION2013 – 2017 CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PLAN 9 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 13 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONCOLLECTION SYSTEM MASTER PLANNING 10 •Replace LS #20 Forcemain •Abandon LS #8 – Route to North Interceptor •LS #2 – Change discharge routing Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 14 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONNORTH INTERCEPTOR 11 •Phase I •2011 Rate Study: $12.3M in 2013 – 2015 •$11.5M in 2013 – 2014 •Phase II •$19.8M in 2013 – 2017 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 15 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONCOLLECTION SYSTEM REHAB 12 •West and South Interceptors •2011 rate study: $1.3M in 2013 – 2014 •$0.9M in 2013 •4th to 5th and Eddy to Vine Street •Not in 2011 rate study •$1.5M in 2013 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 16 / 80 BACKGROUND INFORMATIONWWTP IMPROVEMENTS 13 •Rehab of existing influent pump stations •2011 Rate Study: $9.2M in 2011 – 2014 •In January 2012, Alternative 5 was selected, •New 50 mgd submersible pump station, reuse existing pump station for plant drain system •$16.9M 2013 - 2015 •Replace Final Clarifier Mechanisms with more corrosion resistant materials Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 17 / 80 PART 3 – RATE STUDY RESULTS 14 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 18 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS•Perform wastewater rate study update. The study will accomplish the following objectives: •Establish operating and capital financial plans that fully fund activities •Perform a cost of service analysis to determine if cost allocations are fair and equitable among the customer classifications •Review the existing rate structure and proposed rates that provide adequate revenues PROJECT UNDERSTANDING 15 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 19 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS PROJECT METHODOLOGY 16 FINANCIAL PLANNING COST OF SERVICE ANALYSIS RATE DESIGN Project Revenues Review Allocate Costs Review Project Revenue Requirements Pro-Forma Develop Units of Service Unit Costs Develop COS Rates Scenario Planning Scenario Planning Distribute Allocated Costs Based on Service Requirements Develop Practical Rates Develop Capital Financing Plan % Rev Adjustments Proposed Rates Review Capital Requirements FINANCIAL PLANNING AND RATE MODEL HOW MUCH MONEY IS NEEDED? FROM WHOM SHOULD THE MONEY BE COLLECTED? HOW SHOULD THE SERVICES BE PRICED? Rigorous, methodical and transparent analysis leads to defensible rates Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 20 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS REVENUE AND REVENUE REQUIREMENTS 17 FINANCIAL PLANNING Project Revenues Review Project Revenue Requirements Pro-Forma Scenario Planning Develop Capital Financing Plan % Rev Adjustments Review Capital Requirements •Objective: •Provide adequate funding of future utility operating and capital program needs •Considerations: •Assess appropriateness of operating and capital reserves •Evaluate allocation of direct and indirect costs •Review other revenue sources Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 21 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS LONG-RANGE FINANCIAL PLANS ISSUE: PROVIDING FINANCIALLY STABLE UTILITY OPERATIONS SOLUTION: DEVELOP 10 YEAR FINANCIAL PLANS 18 Key Tasks I. Financial Planning II. Cost Allocation III. Rate Design FINANCIAL PLANNING Review Project Revenue Requirements Pro-Forma Scenario PlanningDevelop Capital Financing Plan % Rev AdjustmentsReview Capital Requirements Project Revenues Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 22 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS REVENUE 19 •Develop projected units by customer class •Historical data and trends •Projected future growth (e.g. new subdivisions) •Apply existing rate structure to projected units to determine projected revenue •Project miscellaneous revenue •Sewer Assessments Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 23 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS REVENUE REQUIREMENTS 20 Capital Operating •Cash Financing of Capital •Debt Service on Proposed Debt •Existing Debt Service •Routine Capital Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 24 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE EXPENSE 21 Current Year Budgeted Expenditures Changes in number of customers Inflation Changes in operating conditions Changes in maintenance needs Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 25 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS REVENUE REQUIREMENTS 22 Capital Operating •Cash Financing of Capital •Debt Service on Proposed Debt •Existing Debt Service •Routine Capital •Operation & Maintenan ce Expense •Transfers to Operating Reserve Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 26 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS “HOW MUCH MONEY IS NEEDED?” 23 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 27 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS COST OF SERVICE ALLOCATIONS ISSUE: PROPER RECOGNITION OF COSTS TO SUPPORT DEFENSIBLE RATE DESIGNSOLUTION: DEFENSIBLE METHODOLOGY RECOGNIZING PROPER COST CAUSATION 24 Key Tasks I. Financial Planning II. Cost Allocation III. Rate Design COST OF SERVICE ANALYSIS Allocate Costs Develop Units of Service Unit Costs Distribute Allocated Costs Based on Service Requirements Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 28 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS COST OF SERVICE FOR TEST YEAR 2017 25 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 29 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS COST ALLOCATION 26 Functionalize and Allocate •Allocat e costs to utility functio ns accordi ng to cost causati ve parame ters Distribute Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 30 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS WASTEWATER COST FUNCTIONS AND COST CAUSATIVE PARAMETERS 27 •Separate O&M and Capital Costs into Cost Functions •Distribute O&M and Capital Costs into Cost Causative Parameters Lift Station Wastewater Treatment Collection System Contributed Flow Infiltration / Inflow Customer Billing BOD TSS Volume Customer Costs Strength Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 31 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS COST ALLOCATION 28 Functionalize and Allocate •Allocat e costs to utility functio ns accordi ng to cost causati ve parame ters Distribute •Estimate total customer class service requireme nts for each cost function •Divide costs by requireme nts for each function to get unit costs of service Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 32 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS SAMPLE CALCULATION OF UNIT COSTS (WATER) 29Mgal= 1,000 gallons Volume Mgal $/Mgal÷ = Customer No. of Bills $/Bill÷ = Fire Protection No. of Eq. Hydrants $/Eq. Hydrant÷ = Base and Extra Capacity Costs Customers Costs Direct Costs System Costs Units of Service Unit Costs Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 33 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS COST ALLOCATION Functionalize and Allocate •Alloca te costs to utility functi ons accord ing to cost causat ive param eters Distribute •Estimate total customer class service requirements for each cost function •Divide costs by requirements for each function to get unit costs of service •Distribute costs to each customer class based on its share of total requirements for each cost function 30 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 34 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS DISTRIBUTE COSTS TO CUSTOMERS (WATER) 31Same Calculation for Other Customer Classes Volume Unit Cost x Residential Units (Mgal) = $ Customer Unit Cost x Residential Units (Bills) = $ Fire Unit Cost x Residential Units (Eq. Hydrants) = $ Total Residential Cost of Service = $ Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 35 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS “FROM WHOM SHOULD THE MONEY BE COLLECTED?” 32 39.6% Overall Average Revenue Increase by 2017 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 36 / 80 •Equitability •Revenue Stability •Provides Appropriate Price Signals •Recognizes Customer Usage Patterns & Demands •Easy to Understand and Administer •Customer Acceptance •Consistent with City Policies •Legally Acceptable/Defensible Modeled after AWWA M1 and WEF MoP 27 RATE STUDY RESULTS RATE SETTING PRINCIPLES 33 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 37 / 80 RATE STUDY RESULTS “HOW SHOULD THE SERVICES BE PRICED?” 34 NEW Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 38 / 80 Typical Monthly Residential Bill Will Increase $10.08 From 2013 To 2017 RATE STUDY RESULTS TYPICAL MONTHLY RESIDENTIAL BILLS 35 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 39 / 80 REQUESTED ACTION 36 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 40 / 80 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 41 / 80   DRAFT   REPORT ON REVENUE  REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE  AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER  SERVICE  BLACK & VEATCH PROJECT NO. 175144  PREPARED FOR  City of Grand Island, NE  13 SEPTEMBER 2013   ® ®©Black & Veatch Holding Company 2011. All rights reserved. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 42 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Table of Contents  i  Table of Contents  Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1  Purpose ....................................................................................................................................................................................1  Scope .........................................................................................................................................................................................1  Summary of Findings and Recommendations ............................................................................................ 2  Revenue Under Existing Rates .......................................................................................................................................2  Revenue Requirements .....................................................................................................................................................2  Cost of Service Allocations ...............................................................................................................................................3  Proposed Rate Adjustments ............................................................................................................................................3  Revenue .................................................................................................................................................................... 6  Customer Growth .................................................................................................................................................................6  Water Revenue Under Existing Rates ..........................................................................................................................6  Other Revenue .......................................................................................................................................................................6  Revenue Requirements ..................................................................................................................................... 11  Operation and Maintenance Expense ....................................................................................................................... 11  Major Capital Improvements ....................................................................................................................................... 11  Routine Capital Additions .............................................................................................................................................. 14  Debt Service Requirements .......................................................................................................................................... 14  Summary of Revenue and Revenue Requirements ................................................................................. 15  Major Capital Improvement Financing .................................................................................................................... 15  System Operations ............................................................................................................................................................ 17  Bond Coverage Requirements ..................................................................................................................................... 19  Cost Allocations .................................................................................................................................................... 21  Cost of Service to Allocated ........................................................................................................................................... 21  Functional Cost Components ....................................................................................................................................... 21  Allocation to Cost Components ................................................................................................................................... 21  Allocation of Net Plant Investment ............................................................................................................................ 23  Allocation of Operating Expenses .............................................................................................................................. 25  Distribution of Costs to Customer Classes .............................................................................................................. 25  Customer Classification ............................................................................................................................................. 25  Units of Service ............................................................................................................................................................. 25  Customer Class Costs of Service ................................................................................................................................. 27  Rate Adjustment .................................................................................................................................................. 32  Existing Rates ..................................................................................................................................................................... 32  Proposed Rates .................................................................................................................................................................. 32  Adequacy of Proposed Rates ........................................................................................................................................ 33  Typical Bills ......................................................................................................................................................................... 33  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 43 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   ii SEPTEMBER 2013  List of Tables   Table A Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service (Test  Year 2017)........................................................................................................................................................... 4  Table B Proposed Rates ......................................................................................................................................................... 5  Table 1 Historical and Projected Number of Bills ...................................................................................................... 7  Table 2 Existing Wastewater Rates .................................................................................................................................. 8  Table 3 Historical and Projected Wastewater Revenue .......................................................................................... 9  Table 4 Historical and Projected Miscellaneous Revenue .................................................................................... 10  Table 5 Historical and Projected Operating Costs .................................................................................................... 12  Table 6 Proposed Capital Improvement Program ................................................................................................... 13  Table 7 Capital Improvement Program Financing ................................................................................................... 16  Table 8 Comparison of Projected Revenue Under Existing Rates With Projected Revenue  Requirements .................................................................................................................................................. 18  Table 9 Coverage Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 20  Table 10 Cost of Service (Test Year 2017) .................................................................................................................. 22  Table 11 Allocation of Net Plant Investment to Functional Cost Components (Test Year  2017) ................................................................................................................................................................... 24  Table 12 Allocation of Operation and Maintenance Expense to Functional Cost Components  (Test Year 2017) ............................................................................................................................................. 26  Table 13 Units of Service (Test Year 2017) ................................................................................................................ 28  Table 14 Unit Costs of Service (Test Year 2017) ...................................................................................................... 29  Table 15 Allocated Costs of Service to Customer Classes (Test Year 2017) ................................................. 30  Table 16 Comparison of Allocated Cost of Service with Revenue Under Existing Rates (Test  Year 2017)......................................................................................................................................................... 31  Table 17 Proposed Rates .................................................................................................................................................... 34  Table 18 Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service (Test  Year 2017)......................................................................................................................................................... 35  Table 19 Typical Bills (Test Year 2017) ....................................................................................................................... 36    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 44 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Introduction  1  Introduction  The City of Grand Island, through the Wastewater Division, provides retail wastewater collection and  treatment services to approximately 15,000 accounts.  The Division’s responsibilities include planning,  constructing, operating, and maintaining facilities for collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal  of the sanitary and industrial wastewater generated within its service area.  The Division, in recognition of the importance of financial planning for the increasing costs to replace,  renew, expand, improve, and operate the wastewater utility, authorized this comprehensive study of  revenue requirements, costs of service, and rates for wastewater service.  PURPOSE  The purpose of this report is: (1) to examine the future revenues of the wastewater utility under existing  levels of charge, as well as the Division’s total operating expense and capital financing requirements,  and to examine the adequacy of projected revenue to meet the total requirements through the fiscal  year ending September 30, 2017; (2) to allocate the total revenue requirements, or costs of service, for a  representative test year to the various customer classes in accordance with the respective service  requirements that each class places on the system; and (3) to develop a suitable schedule of wastewater  rates that will produce revenues adequate to meet the financial needs of the utility on a basis that  recognizes customer costs of service and local policy considerations.  This report reflects updated  projections since the March 2011 Report on Revenue Requirements, Cost of Service and Rates for  Wastewater Service was prepared.  SCOPE  This report presents the results of a comprehensive study of projected revenue requirements, cost of  service allocations, and proposed rates for wastewater service.  Revenues and revenue requirements are  projected for five fiscal years through 2017, recognizing anticipated growth in number of customers and  projected surcharge loadings for the City’s industrial customers.  The study of revenue requirements  recognizes projected operation and maintenance expense, principal and interest payments on existing  and proposed revenue bond issues, expenditures for routine capital additions and major capital  improvements met from annual revenues, and recommended reserve fund requirements.  Requirements  on existing revenue bond indentures are also recognized.  Allocated costs of wastewater service are developed for each class of customer and type of service based  on considerations of utility revenue needs and projected customer service requirements.  Wastewater  rate adjustments are designed for customers in accordance with allocated costs of service and local  policy and practical considerations.  In conducting our analyses and in forming an opinion of the projection of future operations summarized  in this report, Black & Veatch has made certain assumptions with respect to conditions, events, and  circumstances that may occur in the future.  The methodology utilized by Black & Veatch in performing  the analysis follows generally accepted practices for such projections.  Such assumptions and  methodologies are summarized in this report and are reasonable and appropriate for the purpose for  which they are used.  While Black & Veatch believes the assumptions are reasonable and the projection  methodology valid, actual results may differ materially from those projected, as influenced by the  conditions, events, and circumstances that may actually occur.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 45 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   2 SEPTEMBER 2013  Summary of Findings and Recommendations  REVENUE UNDER EXISTING RATES  1. The Wastewater Division currently provides wastewater collection and treatment services to  approximately 15,540 accounts.  The number of bills issued is projected to increase from about  187,054 in 2013 to about 189,554 by 2017.  2. The Division’s current wastewater rates became effective October 1, 2012.  These retail rates  include a monthly service charge, a uniform volume charge, and extra strength surcharges for  biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in excess of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/l), suspended solids  (SS) in excess of 250 mg/l, oil and grease in excess of 100 mg/l, TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) in  excess of 30 mg/l, ammonia in excess of 30 mg/l, and nitrates in excess of 25 mg/l.  Industrial  customers with lower than normal strength loadings pay a reduced volume charge, but are charged  extra strength surcharges for all wastewater strength discharged.  All industrial customers are also  charged applicable sampling and monitoring fees.  3. Revenue is derived principally from charges for wastewater service, with some revenue also  obtained from sewer assessments, sewer tap fees, health insurance co‐pays, miscellaneous sampling  and permit revenue, and other miscellaneous revenues.  Revenue from wastewater service, under  existing rates, is projected to increase from about $8,092,300 in 2013 to about $8,176,300 in 2017.   Miscellaneous revenue is estimated to increase from $595,900 in 2013 to $925,600 in 2017.    REVENUE REQUIREMENTS  4. Costs of service to be recovered from wastewater service charges include system operation and  maintenance expense, debt service on existing and proposed bonds, expenditures for routine capital  and  major  capital  improvements  met from annual revenues, and recommended  reserve  fund  requirements.  5. Operation and maintenance expense includes the annual salaries and wages of personnel, costs for  materials and supplies, fuel and electrical power costs, chemicals, and other costs such as employee  benefits, insurance, and contract services.  Future wastewater utility operation and maintenance  expenses are projected to increase from about $5,510,900 in 2013 to about $6,632,400 in 2017.  6. Major capital improvement expenditures are estimated to total $72,878,000.  Projected revenue  bonds totaling $68,980,700, together with current revenues, estimated future interest earnings, and  various funds on hand are proposed for financing the wastewater utility improvement program.  7. Principal and interest costs on outstanding and proposed revenue bonds are projected to increase  from $1,705,900 in 2013 to $5,002,200 in 2017.  8. Based on the cash flow presented in Table 8 of this report, it is anticipated that the projected capital  program requirements and estimates of future operating expenses of the wastewater utility during  the 2013 – 2017 study period examined can be financed with annual revenue increases of 12  percent effective October 1, 2013 and 2014; 6 percent effective October 1, 2015, and 5 percent  effective October 1, 2016.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 46 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Summary of Findings and Recommendations  3  COST OF SERVICE ALLOCATIONS  9. The annual cost of service for the wastewater system to be met from wastewater service revenue  during the projected 2017 test year is as follows:  Total Revenue Requirements:    Operation and Maintenance Expense  $6,632,400    Debt Service Requirements      Proposed Debt Service  5,002,200    Routine Capital Additions  317,000    Cash Financing of Major Improvements  1,000,000    Additions to the Operating Reserve   107,200    Total  $13,058,800  Revenue Requirements Met from Other Sources:    Other Operating Income  $ 925,600    Interest Income  309,900    Change in Funds Available  407,900    Total   $1,643,400  Net Costs to be Met from Charges  $11,415,400  10. As a basis for design of a schedule of wastewater rates, costs of service are allocated to classes of  customers  in  accordance  with  respective  service  requirements.   The  resulting  costs  of  service  allocated to customer classes are summarized in Table A.  Estimated revenue under existing rates  and the indicated additional revenue required to meet costs of service are also shown in the table.  PROPOSED RATE ADJUSTMENTS  11. A schedule of proposed rates for wastewater service recognizing both cost of service and local policy  considerations described in the report is shown in Table B.  The proposed rates structure is similar  to the existing structure with the exception that the surcharge for ammonia has been eliminated.  12. Typical wastewater bills for wastewater service under existing rates and rates proposed are shown  in Table 20 of the report.  13. It is recommended that the City of Grand Island give consideration to adopting the schedule of  proposed wastewater rates shown in Tables B and 18 of this report as a means of meeting the  projected wastewater system revenue requirements.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 47 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   4 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table A Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service (Test Year 2017)    Table A City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service Test Year 2017 (1) (2) (3) (4) Revenue Revenue Indicated Under Allocated Under Additional Line Proposed Cost of Existing Revenue No. Rates Service Rates Required____ _________ _________ _________ _________ $$$(1) ‐ (4) 1 Residential 5,342,300 5,935,400 3,687,400 1,654,900 2 Residential ‐ Suburb 9,800 10,800 6,800 3,000 3 Residential ‐ Commercial 861,700 781,500 534,900 326,800 4 Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial 4,655,400 4,267,000 3,406,900 1,248,500 5 Commercial ‐ Suburb 8,500 7,500 5,200 3,300 6 Surcharge 544,000 413,200 535,100 8,900________ ________ ________ ________  7 Total 11,421,700 11,415,400 8,176,300 3,245,400 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 48 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Summary of Findings and Recommendations  5  Table B Proposed Rates     Table B City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Proposed Rates Charges to be Effective October 1,________________________________________ Existing 2013 2014 2015 2016________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Sewer Service Charge ‐ $/month All Customers 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 Volume Charge ‐ $/Ccf Low Strength Industrial Dischargers 1.03 1.47 1.96 2.23 2.47 Non‐Sanitary Sewer Flow (a) 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 Sanitary Sewer Flow 2.08 2.52 3.01 3.28 3.52 Excess Strength Surcharge ‐ $/lb BOD over 250 mg/l 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 250 mg/l 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 100 mg/l 0.0819 0.0832 0.0845 0.0858 0.0872 Low Strength Industrial Dischargers BOD over 0 mg/l 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 0 mg/l 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 0 mg/l 0.0819 0.0832 0.0845 0.0858 0.0872 TKN over 30 mg/l 0.5701 0.5701 0.6314 0.6927 0.7539 Nitrates over 25 mg/l 1.8739 1.8739 1.8810 1.8881 1.8953 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l = milligram per liter (a)  Applicable to flow discharged from JBS' pretreatment lagoons through their sewer main connecting  directly to the City's wastewater treatment plant. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 49 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   6 SEPTEMBER 2013  Revenue  The principal source of revenue for the wastewater system to meet annual costs of service is from  charges for service to wastewater customers.  Additional revenue is derived from sewer assessments,  sewer tap fees, health insurance co‐pays, miscellaneous surcharge revenue, and other miscellaneous  sources.  CUSTOMER GROWTH  Table 1 presents a summary of the historical and projected number of bills issued by the utility.  Data  are shown individually for each of the five classes of retail customers.  These classes consist of  Residential (single‐ family), Residential‐Suburb (single‐ family outside the city limits), Residential‐ Commercial (multi‐family and commercial), Interdepartmental‐Commercial (commercial, industrial,  and City accounts), and Commercial‐Suburb (commercial, multifamily and industrial outside the city  limits).  As indicated by Table 1, the wastewater utility has experienced an increase in the number of  bills since 2008 of approximately 1.0 percent per year.  As shown in Table 1, the number of bills is  projected to increase approximately 0.3 percent per year, increasing from 187,054 in 2013 to 189,554  in 2017.    WATER REVENUE UNDER EXISTING RATES  The existing schedule for charges for wastewater service is presented in Table 2.  The rates consist of a  monthly service charge, uniform volume charges, and extra strength surcharges for biochemical oxygen  demand (BOD) in excess of 250 milligrams per liter (mg/l), suspended solids (SS) in excess of 250 mg/l,  oil and grease in excess of 100 mg/l, TKN (Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen) in excess of 30 mg/l, ammonia in  excess of 30 mg/l, and nitrates in excess of 25 mg/l.  Industrial customers with lower than normal  strength loadings pay a reduced volume charge, but are charged extra strength surcharges for all BOD  and SS discharge.  All industrial customers are also charged applicable sampling and monitoring fees.   Historical and projected billed wastewater revenues are shown in Table 3.  Revenues from normal and  excess strength wastewater billings under existing rates are projected to increase from about  $8,092,300 in 2013 to about $8,176,300 in 2017.  OTHER REVENUE  Historical and projected other wastewater utility income is presented in Table 4.  Revenue from sewer  assessments is based on estimates provided by wastewater utility staff.  It is anticipated that a sewer  assessment district will be formed to fund a sewer line extension along highway 281.  Anticipated  revenue from this district is included in the sewer assessment projections for 2016 and 2017.  Revenue  from sewer tap fees and health insurance co‐pays is projected to remain stable at approximately $3,000  and $46,900, respectively.  Miscellaneous surcharge revenue is projected to remain stable at $35,000.   Other miscellaneous revenue is projected at approximately $415,000 for each year of the study period.       Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 50 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Revenue  7  Table 1 Historical and Projected Number of Bills      Table 1City of Grand Island, NEWastewater UtilityHistorical and Projected Number of BillsHistorical Projected________________________________________________ ________________________________________________2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________Residential 148,449 150,629 152,152 154,160 154,919 155,419 155,919 156,419 156,919 157,419Residential ‐ Suburb 532 540 545 579 290 290 290 290 290 290Residential ‐ Commercial 6,653 6,825 7,010 7,156 7,232 7,307 7,382 7,457 7,532 7,607Interdepartmental ‐ CommercialJBS 12121212121212121212All Other 22,705 22,769 23,035 23,139 23,928 23,978 24,028 24,078 24,128 24,178Commercial ‐ Suburb 48 48 48 55 48 48 48 48 48 48________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Total 178,399 180,823 182,802 185,101 186,429 187,054 187,679 188,304 188,929 189,554 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 51 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   8 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 2 Existing Wastewater Rates    Table 2 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Existing Wastewater Rates Fiscal Year 2013 (Effective October 1, 2012) Sewer Service Charge ‐ $/month All Customers 8.24 Volume Charge ‐ $/Ccf Low Strength Industrial Dischargers 1.0300 All Other Customers Using City's Collection System 2.0800 Discharge directly into City's Treatment Plant 1.1800 Excess Strength Surcharge ‐ $/lb BOD over 250 mg/l 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 250 mg/l 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 100 mg/l 0.0819 Low Strength Industrial Dischargers BOD over 0 mg/l 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 0 mg/l 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 0 mg/l 0.0819 TKN over 30 mg/l 0.5701 Ammonia over 30 mg/l 0.5701 NO3 Nitrates over 25 mg/l 1.8739 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l = milligram per liter Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 52 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Revenue  9  Table 3 Historical and Projected Wastewater Revenue   Table 3City of Grand Island, NEWastewater UtilityHistorical and Projected Wastewater RevenueHistorical Projected________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________$$$$$$$$$$Residential 2,573,636 2,670,018 2,764,665 3,007,536 3,116,410 3,640,500 3,652,200 3,664,000 3,675,700 3,687,400Residential ‐ Suburb 9,851 10,298 10,432 10,864 5,690 6,800 6,800 6,800 6,800 6,800Residential ‐ Commercial 353,917 361,129 378,127 427,193 443,781 513,800 519,100 524,400 529,600 534,900Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial (a)JBS (b) 6,003,361 4,113,644 3,847,428 2,728,730 1,939,673 1,477,100 1,477,100 1,477,100 1,477,100 1,477,100All Other 1,750,843 1,521,894 1,644,830 1,865,152 2,021,690 1,913,800 1,917,800 1,921,800 1,925,800 1,929,800Commercial ‐ Suburb 2,571 2,765 3,009 3,884 4,525 5,200 5,200 5,200 5,200 5,200Excess Strength (a)535,100 535,100 535,100 535,100 535,100________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Total 10,694,179 8,679,750 8,648,490 8,043,360 7,531,770 8,092,300 8,113,300 8,134,400 8,155,300 8,176,300‐0.4%(0)(0)7.4%0000(a)  Historical Interdepartmental revenue includes Excess Strength revenue.8,181,640 0(b)  JBS historical revenue included with Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial All Other.0Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 53 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   10 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 4 Historical and Projected Miscellaneous Revenue  Table 4 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Historical and Projected Miscellaneous Revenue (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Sewer Other Co‐pay Misc Sewer Tap Inter‐Health Surcharge Other Assessments (a) Fees Gov. Insurance Revenue (b) Revenue (c) Total____________________________________________________________________ $ $$$$$$ Historical 2008 394,316 17,261 0 36,476 181,500 193,062 822,615 2009 387,636 28,990 0 39,540 162,500 618,361 1,237,027 2010 227,306 16,496 0 32,888 161,700 183,890 622,280 2011 250,730 6,360 0 39,442 28,400 470,902 795,835 2012 250,750 0 0 40,041 37,900 119,909 448,599 Projected 2013 96,000 3,000 0 46,900 35,000 415,000 595,900 2014 96,000 3,000 0 46,900 35,000 415,000 595,900 2015 96,000 3,000 0 46,900 35,000 415,000 595,900 2016 151,000 3,000 0 46,900 35,000 415,000 650,900 2017 425,700 3,000 0 46,900 35,000 415,000 925,600 (a) Includes Interest Income on Sewer Assessments. (b) (c) Includes Sample Analysis revenue and fees from JBS for discharge in excess of permit limits.  Includes Donations & Contributions, Other Revenue, Sale of Fixed Assets, and Trade‐in‐ Allowance. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 54 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Revenue Requirements  11  Revenue Requirements  The revenue required to provide adequately for the continued operation of the wastewater utility must  be sufficient to meet the cash requirements for system operation.  Revenue requirements include: (1)  system operation and maintenance expenses; (2) debt service on existing and proposed bonds; (3)  expenditures for routine capital and major capital improvements met from annual revenues; and (4)  recommended reserve fund requirements.  Projections of the cash requirements to meet these system  expenditures for the five‐year study period are developed in this section.  OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE EXPENSE  The elements of operation and maintenance expense for the wastewater utility include the annual  expense associated with wastewater collection, treatment, solids handling, solids disposal, and  administration.  Operation and maintenance expense includes the total annual salaries and wages of personnel, cost for  materials and supplies, fuel and electrical power costs, and other costs such as employee benefits,  insurance, and contract services.  Annual operation and maintenance expense is met principally from  annual operating revenue.  A summary of historical and projected operation and maintenance expense  for the period 2008 through 2017 is presented in Table 5.  Operation and maintenance expense projections for 2013 reflect the 2013 budget.  Projections for the  year 2014 through 2017 are based on budgeted 2014 expense amounts adjusted to recognize  allowances for known cost increases, the estimated effects of inflation, and anticipated system growth.   Future wastewater utility operation and maintenance expense is projected to increase from about  $5,510,900 in 2013 to about $6,632,400 in 2017.    MAJOR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS  Table 6 presents a summary of the projected major capital improvement program for the period 2013  through 2017.  Table 6 is based on estimated improvement program scheduling and cost data supplied  by utility staff, adjusted to include allowances for inflation.  The five‐year improvement program costs  are estimated to total $72,878,000.  Major capital improvements related to Sewer Mains shown on Line 1 include rehabilitation and  replacement projects within the existing collection system to maintain reliable conveyance of  wastewater to the treatment plant.  Significant costs were added to the capital program for Sewer Mains  following the May 2010 Comprehensive Plan Update which identified several major interceptor sewers  in Grade F condition.  Most notable was the North Interceptor which received Grade F condition for  100% of the 9,000 feet of pipe inspected.  Portions of the South and West Interceptors were also  identified to have immediate replacement or rehabilitation needs and included in the CIP.    Improvements to the Capital Avenue forcemain are also included with the Sewer Main costs.  With the  addition of these interceptor sewer projects, over 50 percent of the proposed CIP is associated with  Sewer Main rehabilitation and replacement projects.    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 55 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   12 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 5 Historical and Projected Operating Costs Table 5City of Grand Island, NEWastewater UtilityHistorical and Projected Operation and Maintenance ExpenseHistorical Projected___________________________________________________________________________________________________________2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______$$$$$$$$$$General Services 2,115,476 1,425,071 1,900,221 1,539,315 3,598,605 992,600 1,087,500 1,118,600 1,180,800 1,247,600Collection Services 902,240 854,611 780,191 907,407 657,178 974,400 1,204,000 1,280,300 1,363,000 1,452,500Wastewater Treatment 2,146,344 2,321,835 2,324,606 2,138,872 2,094,491 2,771,800 2,727,000 2,904,000 3,095,800 3,303,600Solids Handling 1,983,889 995,209 862,359 711,409 539,850 772,100 524,700 556,800 591,400 628,700________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Total O&M Expense 7,147,949 5,596,726 5,867,377 5,297,003 6,890,124 5,510,900 5,543,200 5,859,700 6,231,000 6,632,400 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 56 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Revenue Requirements  13  Table 6 Proposed Capital Improvement Program  Table 6 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Proposed Capital Improvement Program Line No. 20132014201520162017Total____________ ________________________________________ $$$$$$ 1 Sewer Mains 5,192,200 15,165,100 16,373,700 8,681,100 1,387,000 46,799,100 2Lift Stations 215,100 31,500 0 69,500 1,476,200 1,792,300 Wastewater Treatment 3Raw Water Pumping 760,200 6,924,800 2,343,700 0 0 10,028,700 4 Preliminary Treatment 892,400 8,129,200 2,751,300 0 0 11,772,900 5 Primary Sedimentation/Clarifiers 0 0 231,800 0 0 231,800 6Aeration Basins 291,4000000291,400 7Aeration Equipment 000000 8 Corrosion/Odor Control Facilities000000 9Final Clarifiers 50,000 0 0 901,800 0 951,800 10Disinfection 000000 11 Sludge Handling 000000 12 General Plant 50,700 100,000 103,000 106,100 0 359,800 13Lab 000000 14 Vehicles 40,000 40,000 30,900 206,800 49,200 366,900 15 Administration & General 118,400164,900000283,300 16Land 000000________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  17 Total 7,610,400 30,555,500 21,834,400 9,965,300 2,912,400 72,878,000 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 57 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   14 SEPTEMBER 2013  Lift Station projects shown on Line 2 include improvements to Lift Stations 2,7,15, and 20.    Improvements associated with Raw Water Pumping shown on Line 3 include a portion of the costs for  the headworks facility at the plant.  The costs shown for Preliminary Treatment on Line 4 of Table 6  consist of the estimated costs for influent pumps and the remaining costs associated with the  headworks facility.  Improvements associated with Aeration Basins are shown on Line 6.  Line 9 of Table  6 reflects the estimated cost for repairing the final clarifiers.  General Plant costs associated with  miscellaneous repairs and equipment replacement are shown on Line 12.    Capital costs for new vehicles are shown on Line 14.  Administration and General costs, shown on Line  15, reflect projected costs associated with the utility billing software.  Major capital improvements are typically financed through long term debt obligations and available  reserves.  Such improvements are normally nonrecurring on an annual basis and debt financing permits  the cost burden to be shared by both present and future users of the facilities.  Revenue bond issues and  debt service projections developed subsequently provide for debt financing of a major portion of this  major capital improvement program, with the balance to be funded primarily from existing cash  reserves on hand.  ROUTINE CAPITAL ADDITIONS  Expenditures for routine capital additions include those costs that tend to be routinely incurred each  year for normal replacements such as vehicles and equipment, and minor improvements or repairs.   Since the costs of these improvements are a continuing expense to be met each year, the utility  appropriately finances these expenditures from current wastewater revenues.  Routine capital additions  are projected to remain constant at $317,000 per year throughout the study period.  DEBT SERVICE REQUIREMENTS  Existing debt service requirements consist of principal and interest on the Series 2003 Revenue Bonds.   As previously indicated, the issuance of future revenue bonds is anticipated to help finance major capital  improvement projects.  The proposed revenue bond financing schedule, described more fully in a  subsequent section, provides for the issuance of bonds in the following amounts to meet major capital  program requirements through 2017:  2013  $ 36,980,700  2014  $ 14,000,000  2015  $ 12,000,000  2016  $ 6,000,000    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 58 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Summary of Revenue and Revenue Requirements  15  Summary of Revenue and Revenue Requirements  Total revenue requirements for the wastewater utility recognized for purposes of this report include  operation and maintenance expense, debt service costs on existing and proposed bonds, expenditures  for routine capital and major capital improvements met from annual revenues, and recommended  reserve fund requirements.    MAJOR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT FINANCING  Table 7 presents the capital improvement financing plan which summarizes the projected source and  application of funds over the five‐year study period.  This plan anticipates that proposed capital  improvements will be financed from a combination of available funds on hand, bond sales proceeds,  annual operating revenues, and interest earnings.  A 2012 beginning of year balance of $3,461,700 in unencumbered cash and investments is projected to  be available to assist in the financial plan as shown on Line 1.  Revenue bond issues in the amounts of  $36,980,700 in 2013; $14,000,000 in 2014; $12,000,000 in 2015; and $6,000,000 in 2016 are projected  and shown on Line 2 of Table 7.  The amounts and years of each issue are developed considering capital  program needs, current policies, other sources of capital improvement financing, and assumed debt  service coverage requirements related to the issuance of additional revenue bonds It is anticipated that  the capital costs associated with the South 281 Sewer Assessment District and Tap District will be  funded by a loan from the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF).  The proceeds from this loan is  shown on Line 3 of Table 7.    Cash financing of capital improvements from annual revenues is expected to total $4,900,000 for the  study period as indicated on Line 4 of Table 7.  Other potential sources of funds available to meet capital  improvement expenditures include anticipated federal grants and capital contributions and interest  income on the capital fund and capital reserve.  Interest earnings recognize an assumed 2.0 percent  average annual interest rate on short term investments such as funds held for improvements and 3.0  percent on long‐term investments such as the capital reserve.  Lines 5 and 6 indicate the estimated  annual funds from each of these sources and Line 7 shows the total of all funds available to finance the  capital improvement program.  The application of funds show that $72,878,000 in total major capital improvements expenditures are  projected over the planning period, as previously summarized in Table 6.  A portion of the Series 2013  bonds will be used to refund the Series 2003 bonds.  Line 9 reflects the amount to be deposited to the  refunding escrow fund for the 2003 bonds.  Line 10 of Table 7 shows the debt issuance costs associated  with projected bond issues.  These costs are estimated to be 1.5 percent of the total principal amounts.   Line 11 indicates the amount of revenue bond reserve payments required by current bond covenants.   These amounts are assumed to be funded from proceeds and are set to maintain a reserve fund equal to  the maximum principal and interest payment on all outstanding bonds.  Line 12 shows the total of all  fund applications and the resulting end of year balance is shown on Line 13.  The City desires to maintain a capital reserve fund with a minimum balance of $1,500,000.  This fund is  shown on Line 14 of Table 7 and is separate from the end of year balance in the capital fund shown on  Line 13.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 59 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   16 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 7 Capital Improvement Program Financing      Table 7 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Capital Improvement Program Financing Line Year Ending September 30,_______________________________________________________________ No. Description 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Total_________________________________________________________________ ________________ $$$$$$ Sources of Funds 1    Beginning of Year Balance 3,461,700 30,934,100 18,034,400 8,503,100 5,216,600 3,461,700 2    Revenue Bond Proceeds 36,980,700 14,000,000 12,000,000 6,000,000 0 68,980,700 3CWSRF Loan Proceeds 0 2,812,000 0 0 0 2,812,000 4    Cash Financing of Construction 400,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 4,900,000 5    Grants/Developer Contributions 499,600 0 0 0 0 499,600 6    Interest Income (a) 183,200 507,700 292,400 173,400 143,300 1,300,000________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  7Total Funds Available 41,525,200 49,753,800 31,326,800 15,676,500 6,359,900 81,954,000 Application of Funds 8    Major Capital Improvements 7,610,400 30,555,500 21,834,400 9,965,300 2,912,400 72,878,000 9 Refunding Escrow Deposits 1,443,700 0 0 0 0 1,443,700 10    Issuance Costs 567,300 219,800 180,000 90,000 0 1,057,100 11    Bond Reserve Funds (b) 969,700 944,100 809,300 404,600 0 3,127,700________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  12 Total Application of Funds 10,591,100 31,719,400 22,823,700 10,459,900 2,912,400 78,506,500 13 End of Year Fund Balance 30,934,100 18,034,400 8,503,100 5,216,600 3,447,500 3,447,500 14 Capital Reserve Balance 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 (a) Includes interest earnings on the capital reserve. (b) Reflects use of Bond Reserve Fund from Series 2003. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 60 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Summary of Revenue and Revenue Requirements  17  SYSTEM OPERATIONS  Table 8 shows the application of estimated future revenues under existing rates and estimated  additional revenue from proposed rate increases to meet projected obligations for the period 2013  through 2017.  This table summarizes the financing of operation and maintenance expense, debt service  costs on outstanding and proposed revenue bonds, routine capital additions, the transfer of operating  funds for major improvement financing, and additions to the operating reserve.  Line 1 of Table 8 shows projected revenue under existing rates as previously presented in Table 3.  Lines 2 through 6 show indicated increases in revenues associated with rate increases assumed to be in  effect the number of months shown.  The date and magnitude of increase shown for each year were  selected based on consideration of three principal criteria, which include: (1) total revenue necessary to  meet cash requirements, (2) total revenue required to provide minimum bond coverage requirements,  and (3) establishment of rate increases on a generally levelized basis intended to “phase in” or  otherwise minimize the impact of burdensome rate adjustments required in any single year.  Other revenue available for system operations, shown on Lines 9 through 11, consists of Other  Operating Revenue, as shown in Table 4, and interest income on Operations and Reserve Funds.  Annual  interest income available to the operating fund, shown on Line 10, recognizes an assumed 2.0 percent  average annual interest rate for short‐term investments.  Interest income on the Reserve Funds includes  the Principal and Interest Account, Bond Reserve Fund, and Operating Reserve and recognizes an  assumed 3.0 percent average annual interest rate for long‐term investments.  Projected total revenue  from system operations is shown on Line 12.  Operation and maintenance expense, previously projected in Table 5 is shown on Line 13.  Line 14  shows the estimated net revenue remaining after deducting projected operation and maintenance  expense from total revenue.  Debt service requirements on currently outstanding revenue bonds are presented on Line 15 and reflect  the Series 2003 bonds.  Estimated debt service requirements on revenue bonds projected to be issued to  help finance major capital program expenditures are shown on Line 16.  Debt repayment schedule on  the 2013 bonds was provided by the City’s underwriter.  Additional revenue bonds indicated to be  issued during the study period are assumed to be 25 year, 4.5 percent fixed interest rate bonds with  equal annual payments of principal and interest.  Debt service on the previously mentioned CWSRF loan  is shown on Line 18.  Capital outlay for routine capital additions to be financed from revenue is shown on Line 20 of Table 8.   Line 21 reflects the projected transfer of accumulated net earnings from system operations to assist in  major capital financing.  Reserve deposits required to maintain the Operating Reserve equal to the next  90 days of operation and maintenance expense are shown on Line 22.  Line 23 indicates the estimated net annual balance from operations remaining at the end of each year.  It  is assumed that there will be no funds available at the beginning of fiscal year 2013 to assist in funding  the revenue requirements of the system.  The end of year balance is shown on Line 25 and is exclusive of  the balance in the Operating Reserve which is shown on Line 26.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 61 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   18 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 8 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Comparison of Projected Revenue Under Existing Rates With Projected Revenue Requirements Line Year Ending September 30,_______________________________________________________ No. Description 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017____ _____________________________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ $$$$$ 1 Revenue Under Existing Rates 8,092,300 8,113,300 8,134,400 8,155,300 8,176,300 Additional Revenue Required Fiscal Revenue Months Year Increase Effective________ ________ ________ 220130.00%12 00000 3 2014 12.00% 12 973,600 976,100 978,600 981,200 4 2015 12.00% 12 1,093,300 1,096,100 1,098,900 5 2016 6.00% 12 613,800 615,400 6 2017 5.00% 12 543,600________ ________ ________ ________ ________  7Total Additional Revenue 0 973,600 2,069,400 2,688,500 3,239,100 8Total Service Charge Revenue 8,092,300 9,086,900 10,203,800 10,843,800 11,415,400 9Other Operating Revenue 595,900 595,900 595,900 650,900 925,600 10 Interest Income ‐ Operations 12,300 15,200 14,300 17,800 11,400 11 Interest Income ‐ Reserve Funds (a) 146,900 217,500 246,800 282,100 298,500________ ________ ________ ________ ________  12 Total Revenue 8,847,400 9,915,500 11,060,800 11,794,600 12,650,900 13 Operation and Maintenance Expense 5,510,900 5,543,200 5,859,700 6,231,000 6,632,400________ ________ ________ ________ ________  14 Net Revenue 3,336,500 4,372,300 5,201,100 5,563,600 6,018,500 Debt Service 15    Existing Revenue Bonds 1,705,9000000 16    Proposed Revenue Bonds 0 3,165,900 3,204,500 4,336,200 4,672,500________ ________ ________ ________ ________  17 Total Revenue Bonds 1,705,900 3,165,900 3,204,500 4,336,200 4,672,500 18 CWSRF Loan 0 0 0 55,000 329,700________ ________ ________ ________ ________  19 Total Debt Service 1,705,900 3,165,900 3,204,500 4,391,200 5,002,200 20 Routine Capital Additions (b) 317,000 317,000 317,000 317,000 317,000 21 Cash Financing of Major Improvement 400,000 1,500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 22 Additions to Operating Reserve 7,900 78,100 91,500 99,000 107,200 23 Net Annual Balance 905,700 (688,700) 588,100 (243,600) (407,900) 24 Beginning of Year Balance 0 905,700 217,000 805,100 561,500 25 End of Year Balance 905,700 217,000 805,100 561,500 153,600 26 Operating Reserve Balance 1,366,800 1,444,900 1,536,400 1,635,400 1,742,600 (a) (b) Cash financing of Machinery & Equipment and Vehicles. Includes interest earnings on the Principal and Interest Account, Bond Reserve Fund, and operating  reserve. Table 8 Comparison of Projected Revenue Under Existing Rates With Projected Revenue Requirements    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 62 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Summary of Revenue and Revenue Requirements  19  BOND COVERAGE REQUIREMENTS  An additional consideration in measuring the adequacy of revenues is the provision of sufficient debt  service coverage to meet the bond covenant requirements for the issuance of parity revenue bonds.  The revenue bond ordinance provides that rates shall be maintained such that net revenue available for  debt service each year shall be equal to or greater than 110 percent of the current year’s debt service  requirements on all outstanding revenue bonds.  Furthermore, additional parity bonds may be issued provided that one of the following conditions is  met: (1) the net revenue available for debt service for the fiscal year next preceding the issuance of  additional bonds is equal to or greater than 125 percent of the average annual debt service  requirements on all outstanding revenue bonds and the proposed additional bonds; or (2) the net  revenue available for debt service in each of the three full fiscal years after the issuance of the proposed  additional bonds will be equal to or greater than 125 percent of the average annual debt service  requirements on all outstanding revenue bonds and the proposed additional bonds.  The City is required  to have an independent consulting engineer prepare a projection to verify that the second test is met.  The ability of the wastewater utility revenues to meet the rate covenant and additional bonds test is  shown in Table 9.  The utility meets the rate covenant and the second additional bonds test in each year  of the study period.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 63 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   20 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 9 Coverage Requirements Table 9 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Coverage Requirements Line Year Ending September 30,_____________________________________________________________________________________ No. 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020____________________________________________________________________ $$$$$$$$ Rate Covenant Coverage 1Projected Net Revenues 3,336,500 4,372,300 5,201,100 5,563,600 6,018,500 6,182,000 6,828,400 7,501,500 2 Annual Debt Service 1,705,900 3,165,900 3,204,500 4,336,200 4,672,500 4,679,000 4,675,000 4,671,000 3Projected Actual Net Revenue as a Percent of Debt Service (a) 1.96 x        1.38 x        1.62 x        1.28 x        1.29 x        1.32 x        1.46 x        1.61 x         Additional Bond Coverage (b) 4Preceding Year Projected Net Revenues 3,488,191 3,336,500 4,372,300 5,201,100 5,563,600 6,018,500 6,182,000 6,828,400 5Average Annual Debt Service 2,485,677 3,330,117 3,985,774 4,248,738 4,245,092 4,226,510 4,205,942 4,183,606 6Projected Actual Net Revenue as a Percent of Debt Service (c) 1.40 x        1.00 x        1.10 x        1.22 x        1.31 x        1.42 x        1.47 x        1.63 x         7 Ensuing Year Projected Net Revenues 3,336,500 4,372,300 5,201,100 5,563,600 6,018,500 6,182,000 6,828,400 7,501,500 8Average Annual Debt Service 2,485,677 3,330,117 3,985,774 4,248,738 4,245,092 4,226,510 4,205,942 4,183,606 9Projected Actual Net Revenue as a Percent of Debt Service (d) 1.34 x        1.31 x        1.30 x        1.31 x        1.42 x        1.46 x        1.62 x        1.79 x         (a) The Bond Ordinance requires net revenue to equal or exceed 1.10x actual debt service. (b) The City shall comply with one or the other of the two additional bonds tests. (c) The Bond Ordinance requires net revenue to equal or exceed 1.25x average annual debt service. (d) The Bond Ordinance requires net revenue to equal or exceed 1.25x average annual debt service in each of the three full fiscal years  after the issuance of the proposed Additional Bonds. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 64 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Cost Allocations  21  Cost Allocations  Cost of service allocations provide a means of determining the proportionate responsibility of each  customer class for the service provided.  Cost responsibilities are based upon allocations of various  elements of costs of service according to the relative service requirements of respective customer  classes.  Factors considered in determining service requirements include the volume of wastewater  contributed, strength of wastewater, and the number of customers.  COST OF SERVICE TO ALLOCATED  The cost of service to be allocated to the various customer classes consists of the total revenue  requirements less income received from other sources.  For allocation purposes, this cost of service is  expressed as an annual requirement for a specific test year.  For purposes of this study, the fiscal year  ending September 30, 2017 has been selected as generally typical of conditions anticipated during the  study period.  This cost, totaling $11,415,400, consists of $5,544,400 of net operation and maintenance  expense and $5,871,000 of net capital costs.  These costs are derived from Table 8 and summarized on  Line 12 of Table 10.  FUNCTIONAL COST COMPONENTS  The various cost elements of wastewater service are assigned to functional cost components as the first  step in the subsequent distribution of the costs of service to customer classes.  The principal functional  cost components consist of volume related costs, strength related costs, and customer related costs.  Volume costs are those which vary directly with the quantity of wastewater contributed.  They consist of  capital costs related to investment in system facilities which are sized on the basis of, or required  because of, wastewater volume.  This also includes operation and maintenance expense related to those  facilities and the expense of volume related treatment chemicals and purchased power.  Wastewater strength costs consist of the operation and maintenance expense and capital costs related  to system facilities which are designed principally based on the projected strength concentrations of the  wastewater.  The strengths recognized in this study include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),  suspended solids (SS), oil and grease (O&G), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and nitrates.  Costs  associated with each of these strengths are those costs of wastewater treatment which tend to vary  according to the quantity of each strength in the raw wastewater.  Customer costs are defined as costs  which tend to vary in proportion to the number of customers connected to the system.  These include  billing, collection and accounting costs.  The separation of costs of service into these principal categories provides the means of further  allocating such costs to the various customer classes based on the respective total wastewater volume,  strength, and customer service requirements of each customer class.  ALLOCATION TO COST COMPONENTS  In establishing the costs associated with each functional cost component, the net capital portion of the  test year cost of service is distributed to cost functions based on an allocation of the estimated test year  value of wastewater system facilities.  The test year net operating expense is similarly allocated to cost  functions based on the projected test year expense estimated for each wastewater system component.     Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 65 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   22 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 10 Cost of Service (Test Year 2017) Table 10 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Cost of Service Test Year 2017 Line Operating Capital No. Expense Cost Total____________ ________________ $$$ Revenue Requirements 1Operation & Maintenance Expense 6,632,400 6,632,400 Debt Service Requirements 2Existing Debt Service 0 0 3Proposed Debt Service 5,002,200 5,002,200 4Routine Capital Additions 317,000 317,000 5Cash Financing of Major Improvements 1,000,000 1,000,000 6 Additions to the Operating Reserve 107,200 107,200_________ _________ _________  7 Total 6,739,600 6,319,200 13,058,800 Revenue Requirements Met from Other Sources 8Other Operating Revenue 922,600 3,000 925,600 9 Interest Income 62,100 247,800 309,900 10 Change in Funds Available 210,500 197,400 407,900_________ _________ _________  11 Total 1,195,200 448,200 1,643,400_________ _________ _________  12 Net Costs to be Met from Charges 5,544,400 5,871,000 11,415,400 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 66 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Cost Allocations  23  ALLOCATION OF NET PLANT INVESTMENT  The estimated test year net plant investment in wastewater facilities consists of net plant in service as of  September 30, 2012 and proposed capital improvements up to the year 2017.  Table 11 shows the  allocation of the wastewater utility’s total estimated plant value less contributions on an original cost  less depreciation value basis.  Total plant investment is estimated to be $95,663,600 as indicated by Line  19 of the table.  Each item of plant investment is allocated to a functional cost component, or components, primarily in  accordance with the function which determines the amount of investment.  JBS discharges wastewater  volume from two discharge points.  One point is used for sanitary waste and discharges into the City’s  sanitary sewer system.  The second discharge point is from JBS’ lagoons and flows directly to the  treatment plant via a dedicated main.  All industrial waste is pre‐treated and discharged to the  treatment plant through the discharge from the lagoons.  In recognition of the fact that a portion of the  contributed flow that enters the plant does not enter the City’s sanitary sewer system, a functional cost  component for only contributed flow that does enter the sanitary sewer system has been designated as  City Collection System Users volume.    Collection system facilities and lift stations are designed to meet average flow and are therefore  allocated to the City Collection System Users volume component.  Liquid oxygen, raw water pumping,  preliminary treatment, corrosion/odor control facilities, and disinfection facilities are designed based  on average flow and are applicable to all flow entering the treatment plant therefore, costs are assigned  to the Common to All volume component.    Primary sedimentation/clarifiers are designed to remove BOD, SS, and oil and grease from influent flow,  therefore, the costs associated with this equipment is allocated to those strength components.  Aeration basins and equipment are sized based on the BOD, SS, TKN and nitrates loadings therefore,  costs are assigned to each of these strength cost components as shown on Lines 7 and 8 of Table 11.    Costs associated with the final clarifiers are allocated to the BOD and SS components.  In addition, the  costs associated with Sludge Handling are allocated 50 percent to the BOD strength component, 45  percent to the SS component, and 5 percent to the oil and grease component.  General Plant costs are  allocated to the cost components on the basis of the subtotal of all other treatment plant functions.  Costs associated with the Lab are allocated to the wastewater strength cost components based on the  estimated number of hours spent performing lab tests for each strength component.  Vehicles and Administration & General facilities are allocated to all cost components on the basis of all  other net plant investment.  Land shown on Line 18 of Table 11 is allocated to the Common to All volume component.  Test year net capital costs, shown on Line 12 of Table 10, are assigned to the functional cost components  on the basis of net plant investment and are shown on Line 20 of Table 11.    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 67 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   24 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 11 Allocation of Net Plant Investment to Functional Cost Components (Test Year 2017)     Table 11 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Allocation of Net Plant Investment To Functional Cost Components Test Year 2017 Common to All__________________________________________________________________ Wastewater Strength____________________________________________________ No. Investment Volume BOD SS O&G TKN Nitrates Volume____________________________________________________________________________ $ $ $$$$$ $ 1 Sewer Mains 57,878,700 57,878,700 2Liquid Oxygen 7,500 7,500 3Lift Stations 2,411,000 2,411,000 Wastewater Treatment 4Raw Water Pumping 9,293,300 9,293,300 5 Preliminary Treatment 10,519,600 10,519,600 6 Primary Sedimentation/Clarifiers 899,500 359,800 404,800 134,900 7Aeration Basins 2,256,100 902,400 1,083,000 45,100 225,600 8Aeration Equipment 275,100 100 110,000 132,000 5,500 27,500 9 Corrosion/Odor Control Facilities 6,200 6,200 10 Final Clarifiers 1,049,400 472,200 577,200 11 Disinfection 425,800 425,800 12 Sludge Handling 7,420,300 3,710,200 3,339,100 371,000 13 General Plant 1,623,800 1,022,500 280,600 279,700 25,600 2,600 12,800 0________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  14 Subtotal 33,769,100 21,267,500 5,835,200 5,815,800 531,500 53,200 265,900 0 15 Lab 22,700 4,900 10,700 3,000 2,200 1,900 16 Vehicles 364,900 82,200 22,600 22,500 2,100 200 2,300 233,000 17 Administration & General 348,100 78,500 21,500 21,400 2,000 200 2,200 222,300 18 Land 522,900 522,900________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  19 Total 95,663,600 21,958,600 5,884,200 5,870,400 538,600 55,800 611,000 60,745,000 20 Net Capital Costs to be Recovered 5,871,000 1,347,600 361,100 360,300 33,100 3,400 37,500 3,728,000 City  Collection  System  UsersLine Net Plant Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 68 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Cost Allocations  25  ALLOCATION OF OPERATING EXPENSES  Table 12 presents the allocation of operation and maintenance expense to the functional cost  components.  Total test year operation and maintenance expense, including the addition to the  operating reserve, amounts to $6,739,600, as shown on Line 17.  The allocation of each element of  operating expense to cost components shown in Lines 1 through 13 is performed in a similar manner to  the allocation of net plant investment previously described.  Solids handling, as shown on Line 14, is  allocated to the BOD and suspended solids strength cost components in recognition that sludge  production, handling, and disposal costs are driven by these parameters.  Billing costs included with  General Operations (Line 15) are allocated to Billing.  All remaining expenses associated with General  Operations and Additions to the Operating Reserve (Line 16) are allocated to the cost components on  the basis of all other operating expenses excluding power and chemicals.  Other operating revenue and interest income available to meet a portion of these expenditures reduces  the level of operation and maintenance to be recovered by wastewater service charges to $5,544,400.   Other Operating Revenue associated with sewer assessments is allocated to the City Collection System  Users volume component.  Other Revenue associated with lab samples and discharge fees are allocated  to the wastewater strength components in the same manner as the allocation of capital costs associated  with the Lab.  All other miscellaneous revenue is allocated to the Common to All volume component.    Revenue from Interest Income and Change in Funds Available is allocated to the cost components on the  basis of total operation and maintenance expense shown on Lines 19 and 20.     DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS TO CUSTOMER CLASSES  As a basis for determining the cost of wastewater service to each customer class, the elements of cost of  service previously allocated to functional cost components are distributed among the classes in  proportion to their respective service requirements.  Estimates of these requirements, or units of  service, reflect the average number of accounts, annual wastewater volume, and wastewater strength.    Analysis of resulting costs of service to each class and comparison of allocated costs with revenues  under existing rates provide a basis for future wastewater rate adjustments.  Customer Classification  The customers of the wastewater utility are separated into groups having similar service requirements  and ownership status.  These classes consist of Residential (single‐ family), Residential‐Suburb (single‐  family outside the city limits), Residential‐Commercial (multi‐family and commercial),  Interdepartmental‐Commercial (commercial, industrial, and City accounts), and Commercial‐Suburb  (commercial, multifamily and industrial outside the city limits).  Units of Service  Derivation of the responsibility of customer classes for costs of service require that each class be  allocated a portion of the volume, strength, and customer costs of service according to their respective  service requirements.  The cost of service responsibility for volume costs, which vary with the volume of wastewater  contributed to the wastewater system, is distributed to customer classes on that basis.  Strength costs  are principally related to the function of removing wastewater BOD, suspended solids, oil and grease,  TKN and nitrates.  Customer costs, which consist of billing and collection costs, are allocated on the basis  of the number of customer bills.   Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 69 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   26 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 12 Allocation of Operation and Maintenance Expense to Functional Cost Components (Test Year 2017)    Table 12 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Allocation of Operation & Maintenance Expense To Functional Cost Components Test Year 2017 Common to All___________________________________________________________________________ Wastewater Strength_____________________________________________________ No. Expenses Volume BOD SS O&G TKN Nitrates Billing Volume_____________________________________________________________________________________ $$$$$$$$$ 1Collection Service 1,452,500 1,452,500 Wastewater Treatment 2Raw Water Pumping 351,600 351,600 3 Preliminary Treatment 273,800 273,800 4 Primary Sedimentation/Clarifiers 154,400 61,800 69,500 23,200 5Aeration Basins 104,300 41,700 50,100 2,100 10,400 6Aeration Equipment 771,500 308,600 370,300 15,400 77,200 7 Corrosion/Odor Control Facilities 353,700 353,700 8Final Clarifiers 98,500 44,300 54,200 9 Disinfection 241,400 241,400 10 Sludge Handling 522,000 261,000 234,900 26,100 11 General Plant 268,700 169,300 46,400 46,300 4,200 400 2,100________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  12    Subtotal 3,139,900 1,389,800 763,800 825,300 53,500 17,900 89,700 0 0 13 Lab 81,800 17,400 38,600 10,800 8,000 7,000 14 Solids Handling 628,700 345,800 282,900 15 General Operations 1,329,500 308,400 242,800 243,700 14,400 5,300 18,100 127,500 369,300 16 Additions to the Operating Reserve 107,200 27,500 21,700 21,700 1,300 500 1,600 32,900________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  17 Total O&M Expense 6,739,600 1,725,700 1,391,500 1,412,200 80,000 31,700 116,400 127,500 1,854,700 Less Offsetting Revenues 18 Other Operating Revenue 922,600 726,200 10,900 24,200 6,700 5,000 4,400 0 145,200 19 Interest Income 62,100 15,900 12,800 13,000 700 300 1,100 1,200 17,100 20 Change in Funds Available 210,500 53,900 43,500 44,100 2,500 1,000 3,600 4,000 57,900________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  21 Total Offsetting Revenues 1,195,200 796,000 67,200 81,300 9,900 6,300 9,100 5,200 220,200 22 Net Operating Expenses to be Recovered 5,544,400 929,700 1,324,300 1,330,900 70,100 25,400 107,300 122,300 1,634,500 City  Collection  System  UsersLine Operating Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 70 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Cost Allocations  27  The estimated test year service requirements or units of service for the various customer classes are  shown in Table 13.  Wastewater collected and treated consists of two elements: (1) sanitary wastewater  flow and (2) infiltration/inflow (I/I) of ground and surface water into the sewers.  Contributed  wastewater flow is the billable annual water use of each customer class estimated to enter the sanitary  wastewater sewer system.  Estimates of the contributed volume of each class are based upon  wastewater utility billing records.  The balance of the wastewater flow processed by the treatment plant  is assumed to comprise I/I.  Based on historical data, it is estimated that the test year amount of flow  entering the sewers as I/I will average approximately 55 percent of the total volume transported by the  sanitary sewer system which does not include the contributed flow discharged from JBS’ pre‐treatment  lagoons.  Each customer class should bear its proportionate share of the costs associated with I/I, as the  wastewater system must be adequate to convey and process the total wastewater flow.  Recognizing  that the major cost responsibility for I/I is allocable on an individual connection basis, two‐thirds of the  projected I/I volume associated with the sewer collection system is allocated to customer classes based  on the number of customers with the remaining one‐third allocated on the basis of contributed volume  entering the treatment plant through the sanitary sewer system.  The I/I attributable to interceptors is  allocated to all customer classes based on the total flow contributed to the wastewater system.  Estimated total strength quantities shown for each customer class are based on an average BOD  concentration of 171 milligrams per liter (mg/l), average suspended solids concentration of 197 mg/l,  and average oil and grease concentration of 28 mg/l.  Estimated BOD, suspended solids, oil and grease,  TKN and nitrates responsibilities of each customer class shown in Table 13 are based on the respective  indicated average strength concentrations and contributed wastewater and I/I volumes for each class.   Customer billing and collection costs are distributed to classes on the basis of the number of bills for  each customer class in Column 9 of Table 13.  CUSTOMER CLASS COSTS OF SERVICE  Unit costs of service are developed by dividing the total cost allocated to each functional cost component  by the total applicable units of service.  The customer class responsibility for service is obtained by  applying unit costs of service to the number of units for which the customer class is responsible.  Table 14 shows the development of the unit costs of service applicable to each cost function.  Lines 1  through 3 summarize the units of service developed in Table 13.  Total allocated costs or investment  shown on Lines 4 and 6 were previously developed in Tables 12 and 11, respectively.  Units of service  for each component are determined simply by dividing the allocated cost or investment by the total  units of service and are shown on Lines 5, 7 and 8 of Table 14.  Applying the total unit cost of service  shown on Line 8 to the units of service shown on Lines 1 and 2 produces the total cost of service shown  on Lines 9, 10, and 11  The costs of service allocated to customer classes are summarized in Table 15.  Total costs of service for  each class are based on unit costs of service from Table 14 and units of service from Table 13.  Table 16 shows allocated cost of service by customer class from Table 15, revenue under existing rates,  and the indicated additional revenue required for each class.  The additional revenue will be recovered  from annual 12 percent increases effective October 1, 2013 and October 1, 2014; followed by a 6  percent increase effective October 1, 2015 and a 5 percent increase effective October 1, 2016.    Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 71 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   28 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 13 Units of Service (Test Year 2017)    Table 13 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Units of Service Test Year 2017 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) Wastewater Volume Wastewater Strength_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Line ContributedInfiltration Suspended Oil & No. Volume /Inflow Total BOD Solids Grease TKN Nitrates Customers____________________________________________________________________________ Ccf Ccf Ccf Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Bills (1) + (2) 1 Residential 1,149,200 1,992,000 3,141,200 2,485,300 3,393,400 480,300 0 0 157,419 2 Residential ‐ Suburb 2,100 3,600 5,700 4,500 6,100 800 0 0 290 3 Residential ‐ Commercial 227,000 165,500 392,500 419,800 528,000 73,600 0 0 7,607 Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial 4 JBS 1,225,000 14,200 1,239,200 1,991,300 2,301,500 314,700 0 0 12 5All Other 832,000 570,400 1,402,400 1,527,400 1,912,900 266,200 0 0 24,178 6Commercial ‐ Suburb 2,300 1,400 3,700 4,100 5,200 700 0 0 48 Surcharge 7JBS 0 0 0 38,200 76,400 8All Other 774,000 271,700 46,900 0 0________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  9 Total 3,437,600 2,747,100 6,184,700 7,206,400 8,418,800 1,183,200 38,200 76,400 189,554 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 72 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Cost Allocations  29  Table 14 Unit Costs of Service (Test Year 2017)    Table 14 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Unit Costs of Service Test Year 2017 Common to All__________________________________________________________________________ Line Wastewater Strength_____________________________________________________ No. Total Volume BOD SS O&G TKN Nitrates Billing Volume_____________________________________________________________________________________ Ccf Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Bills Ccf Units of Service 1City Collection System Users 4,945,500 5,215,100 6,117,300 868,500 0 0 189,542 4,945,500 2 JBS 1,239,200 1,991,300 2,301,500 314,700 38,200 76,400 12 49,200________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  3 Total 6,184,700 7,206,400 8,418,800 1,183,200 38,200 76,400 189,554 4,994,700 Costs of Service Net Operating Expense 4    Total Cost ‐ $ 5,544,400 929,700 1,324,300 1,330,900 70,100 25,400 107,300 122,300 1,634,500 5    Unit Cost ‐ $/unit 0.15032 0.18377 0.15809 0.05925 0.66492 1.40445 0.64520 0.32725 Capital Costs 6    Total Cost ‐ $ 5,871,000 1,347,600 361,100 360,300 33,100 3,400 37,500 3,728,000 7    Unit Cost ‐ $/unit 0.21789 0.05011 0.04280 0.02797 0.08901 0.49084 0.00000 0.74639 8Total Unit Cost of Service 0.36822 0.23388 0.20088 0.08722 0.75393 1.89529 0.64520 1.07364 Total Cost of Service 9City Collection System Users 9,777,300 1,820,900 1,219,700 1,228,900 75,800 0 0 122,300 5,309,700 10 JBS 1,638,100 456,300 465,700 462,300 27,400 28,800 144,800 0 52,800________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  11 Total 11,415,400 2,277,200 1,685,400 1,691,200 103,200 28,800 144,800 122,300 5,362,500 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet 2,277,300 1,685,400 1,691,200 103,200 28,800 144,800 122,300 5,362,500 City  Collection  System  Users Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 73 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   30 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 15 Allocated Costs of Service to Customer Classes (Test Year 2017)  Table 15 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Allocated Costs of Service to Customer Classes Test Year 2017 Common to All___________________________________________________________________________ Line Wastewater Strength_____________________________________________________ No. Total Volume BOD SS O&G TKN Nitrates Billing Volume_____________________________________________________________________________________ Ccf Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Pounds Bills Ccf 1Unit Cost of Service ‐ $/unit 0.36822 0.23388 0.20088 0.08722 0.75393 1.89529 0.64520 1.07364 Residential 2Units of Service 3,141,200 2,485,300 3,393,400 480,300 0 0 157,419 3,141,200 3 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 5,935,400 1,156,500 581,200 681,700 41,800 0 100 101,600 3,372,500 Residential ‐ Suburb 4Units of Service 5,700 4,500 6,100 800 0 0 290 5,700 5 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 10,800 2,100 1,100 1,200 100 0 0 200 6,100 Residential ‐ Commercial 6Units of Service 392,500 419,800 528,000 73,600 0 0 7,607 392,500 7 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 781,500 144,500 98,200 106,100 6,400 0 0 4,900 421,400 Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial JBS 8Units of Service 1,239,200 1,991,300 2,301,500 314,700 0 0 12 49,200 9Allocated Cost ‐ $ 1,464,600 456,300 465,700 462,300 27,500 0 0 0 52,800 All Other 10 Units of Service 1,402,400 1,527,400 1,912,900 266,200 0 0 24,178 1,402,400 11 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 2,802,400 516,400 357,200 384,300 23,200 0 0 15,600 1,505,700 Commercial ‐ Suburb 12 Units of Service 3,700 4,100 5,200 700 0 0 48 3,700 13 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 7,500 1,400 1,000 1,000 100 0 0 0 4,000 Surcharge JBS 14 Units of Service 0 0 0 0 38,200 76,400 0 15 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 173,500 0 0 0 0 28,800 144,700 0 0 All Other 16 Units of Service 0 774,000 271,700 46,900 0 0 0 0 17 Allocated Cost ‐ $ 239,700 0 181,000 54,600 4,100 0 0 0 0________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________  18 Total System 11,415,400 2,277,200 1,685,400 1,691,200 103,200 28,800 144,800 122,300 5,362,500 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet City  Collection  System  Users Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 74 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Rate Adjustment  31  Table 16 Comparison of Allocated Cost of Service with Revenue Under Existing Rates (Test Year 2017) Table 16 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Comparison of Allocated Cost of Service with Revenue Under Existing Rates Test Year 2017 (1) (2) (3) Revenue Indicated Allocated Under Additional Line Cost of Existing Revenue No. Service Rates Required____ _______ _______ _________ $$(1) ‐ (2) 1 Residential 5,935,400 3,687,400 2,248,000 2Residential ‐ Suburb 10,800 6,800 4,000 3Residential ‐ Commercial 781,500 534,900 246,600 4 Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial 4,267,000 3,406,900 860,100 5 Commercial ‐ Suburb 7,500 5,200 2,300 6 Surcharge 413,200 535,100 (121,900)________ ________ ________  7 Total 11,415,400 8,176,300 3,239,100 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 75 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   32 SEPTEMBER 2013  Rate Adjustment  The principal consideration in establishing wastewater rate schedules is the establishment of equitable  charges to customers, commensurate with the cost of providing that service.  The only method of  assessing entirely equitable rates for wastewater service would be the determination of each customer’s  bill based upon their particular service requirements.  Since this is impractical, schedules of rates are  normally designed to meet average conditions for groups of customers having similar service  requirements.  Practicality also dictates the use of a rate schedule which is simple to apply, reasonably  recovers costs proportionately from all classes, and is subject to as few misinterpretations as possible.  The revenue requirements and cost of service allocations described in this report provide the basis for  adjusting wastewater rates.  The revenue requirements section shows the need for adjustment and the  level of revenue required.  The allocations section provides the unit costs of service used in the rate  design process and gives a basis for determining whether resultant rates will develop revenues which  recover costs of service from customer classes in proportion to service required and provide the total  level of revenue required.  EXISTING RATES  The existing schedule for charges for wastewater service became effective October 1, 2012.  The rates  consist of a monthly service charge, normal strength and low strength uniform volume charges, and  extra strength surcharges for biochemical oxygen demand in excess of 250 mg/l, suspended solids in  excess of 250 mg/l, oil and grease in excess of 100 mg/l, TKN in excess of 30 mg/l, and nitrates in excess  of 25 mg/l.  Industrial customers with lower than normal strength loadings pay a reduced volume  charge, but are charged extra strength surcharges for all wastewater strength discharged.  All industrial  customers are also charged applicable sampling and monitoring fees.  PROPOSED RATES  The cost of service study described in preceding sections of this report provides a basis for the design of  a schedule of wastewater rates to meet total costs of service.  As previously indicated in Table 8,  wastewater revenues shown for test year 2017 are anticipated to be recovered under an adjusted rate  schedule that would generate revenues that exceed revenues recoverable under existing rates by 39.6  percent.  In developing proposed schedules of rates, it must be recognized that the cost of service studies are the  result of engineering estimates, based to some extent upon judgment and experience, and detailed  results should not be used as literal and exact answers but as guides to the necessity for and nature of  rate adjustments.  Judgment must enter into the final choice of rates and factors such as previous rate  levels, economic impact on the customer, public reaction to the extent of changes, and local practice in  the past are commonly recognized in making rate adjustments.  It is emphasized that all factors beyond  cost of service considerations are strictly a matter of local policy.  Considerations recognized in the derivation of the proposed schedules of wastewater rates  subsequently presented herein, developed based on discussions with utility representatives, include the  indicated desire to: (1) develop rate modifications so that the total revenues recovered from wastewater  charges will be at least adequate to recover the respective revenue requirements of the utility, (2)  recover test year revenues from each class of wastewater customer approximately equal to the allocated  costs of providing service, (3) develop a surcharge for total TKN and (4) to the extent possible, permit  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 76 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Rate Adjustment  33  no decreases in existing rates of charge to any class of customers at a time when rates to other classes  are to be increased.  In attempting to meet these policy criteria, and as a result of the collaborative  efforts of the utility staff, proposed schedules of rates for wastewater service are presented and  discussed in the following paragraphs.  The existing schedule of rates for wastewater service includes charges based on the quantity of water  used, with a service charge.  This form of rate is common among wastewater utilities and generally can  be designed to recover revenue from system customers reasonably commensurate with the cost of  service.  Schedules of proposed wastewater rates, designed to recover revenue requirements generally in  accordance with the preceding cost allocation and other practical considerations for each year of the  study period are shown in Table 17.  The proposed rate structure is similar to the existing structure and  includes a surcharge for TKN over 30 mg/l.  It is recommended that the City Council adopt the schedule of rates shown in Table 17.  ADEQUACY OF PROPOSED RATES  A comparison of estimated test year revenue under the proposed rates with allocated costs of service  for each customer class is shown in Table 18.  This comparison indicates that the proposed rates will  recover revenues from customer groups reasonably commensurate with the cost of service and practical  considerations previously noted.  TYPICAL BILLS  To better reflect the total effect the proposed rates will have on customer’s bills, a comparison of typical  bills under existing rates and the rates proposed is shown in Table 19.  Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 77 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   34 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 17 Proposed Rates Table 17 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Proposed Rates Charges to be Effective October 1,________________________________________ Existing 2013 2014 2015 2016________ ________ ________ ________ ________ Sewer Service Charge ‐ $/month All Customers 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 8.24 Volume Charge ‐ $/Ccf Low Strength Industrial Dischargers 1.03 1.47 1.96 2.23 2.47 Non‐Sanitary Sewer Flow (a) 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 1.18 Sanitary Sewer Flow 2.08 2.52 3.01 3.28 3.52 Excess Strength Surcharge ‐ $/lb BOD over 250 mg/l 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 250 mg/l 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 100 mg/l 0.0819 0.0832 0.0845 0.0858 0.0872 Low Strength Industrial Dischargers BOD over 0 mg/l 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 0.3844 Suspended Solids over 0 mg/l 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 0.2533 Oil & Grease over 0 mg/l 0.0819 0.0832 0.0845 0.0858 0.0872 TKN over 30 mg/l 0.5701 0.5701 0.6314 0.6927 0.7539 Nitrates over 25 mg/l 1.8739 1.8739 1.8810 1.8881 1.8953 Ccf = Hundred Cubic Feet BOD = Biochemical Oxygen Demand TKN = Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/l = milligram per liter (a)  Applicable to flow discharged from JBS' pretreatment lagoons through their sewer main  connecting directly to the City's wastewater treatment plant. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 78 / 80 City of Grand Island, NE | REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE   BLACK & VEATCH CORPORATION | Rate Adjustment  35  Table 18 Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service (Test Year 2017)    Table 18 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Comparison of Revenue Under Proposed Rates with Allocated Cost of Service Test Year 2017 (1) (2) (3) (4) Revenue Revenue Indicated Under Allocated Under Additional Line Proposed Cost of Existing Revenue No. Rates Service Rates Required____ _________ _________ _________ _________ $$$(1) ‐ (4) 1 Residential 5,342,300 5,935,400 3,687,400 1,654,900 2 Residential ‐ Suburb 9,800 10,800 6,800 3,000 3 Residential ‐ Commercial 861,700 781,500 534,900 326,800 4 Interdepartmental ‐ Commercial 4,655,400 4,267,000 3,406,900 1,248,500 5 Commercial ‐ Suburb 8,500 7,500 5,200 3,300 6 Surcharge 544,000 413,200 535,100 8,900________ ________ ________ ________  7 Total 11,421,700 11,415,400 8,176,300 3,245,400 Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 79 / 80 REPORT ON REVENUE REQUIREMENTS, COST OF SERVICE AND RATES FOR WASTEWATER SERVICE | City of Grand Island, NE   36 SEPTEMBER 2013  Table 19 Typical Bills (Test Year 2017)   Table 19 City of Grand Island, NE Wastewater Utility Typical Bills Test Year 2017 Line Typical Wastewater Bills (a)_______________________________________ No. Customer Class Volume Rates 2014 2015 2016 2017____ ________________________ ________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Ccf$$$$$ Residential 1 Small 5 18.64 20.84 23.29 24.64 25.84 2.20 2.45 1.35 1.20 2 Medium 7 22.80 25.88 29.31 31.20 32.88 3.08 3.43 1.89 1.68 3 Large 15 39.44 46.04 53.39 57.44 61.04 6.60 7.35 4.05 3.60 Commercial 4 Small 70 153.84 184.64 218.94 237.84 254.64 30.80 34.30 18.90 16.80 5 Medium 100 216.24 260.24 309.24 336.24 360.24 44.00 49.00 27.00 24.00 6 Large 160 341.04 411.44 489.84 533.04 571.44 70.40 78.40 43.20 38.40 Industrial (b) 7 Small 50 187.12 209.13 233.65 247.16 259.17 22.01 24.51 13.51 12.01 8 Medium 500 1,797.06 2,017.18 2,262.30 2,397.43 2,517.56 220.12 245.12 135.12 120.13 9 Large 5,000 17,896.45 20,097.66 22,548.88 23,900.10 25,101.41 2,201.22 2,451.22 1,351.22 1,201.31 10 JBS (c) 102,100 136,511.90 137,787.90 139,448.12 140,470.34 141,405.86 1,276.00 1,660.22 1,022.22 935.52 (a) Increase shown reflects change from previous year. (b) (c) Billed  Wastewater Existing Assumes biochemical oxygen demand excess strength of 502 mg/l, suspended solids excess  strength of 176 mg/l, oil and grease excess strength of 30 mg/l. 2013 typical bill assumes TKN excess strength of 5 mg/l and Nitrates strength of 10 mg/l.   Beginning in 2014 typical bills assume total nitrates excess strength of 10 mg/l. Grand Island Study Session - 9/17/2013 Page 80 / 80